Effects of cannabis exposure in the prenatal and adolescent periods: Preclinical and clinical studies in both sexes
Source:
Highlights
→ Developing brain is particularly vulnerable to cannabis-induced effects.
→ Prenatal cannabis exposure: Risk of growth restriction and altered behavior.
→ Adolescent cannabis use is associated with cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects.
→ Animal models indicate sex differences and underlying mechanisms for cannabis effects.
→ Research is needed on sex differences in clinically relevant cannabis effects.
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug among adolescents and young adults, including pregnant women. There is substantial evidence for a significant association between prenatal cannabis exposure and lower birth weight in offspring, and mixed results regarding later behavioural outcomes in the offspring. Adolescent cannabis use, especially heavy use, has been associated with altered executive function, depression, psychosis and use of other drugs later in life. Human studies have limitations due to several confounding factors and have provided scarce information about sex differences. In general, animal studies support behavioural alterations reported in humans and have revealed diverse sex differences and potential underlying mechanisms (altered mesolimbic dopaminergic and hippocampal glutamatergic systems and interference with prefrontal cortex maturation). More studies are needed that analyse sex and gender influences on cannabis-induced effects with great clinical relevance such as psychosis, cannabis use disorder and associated comorbidities, to achieve more personalized and accurate treatments.