The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus

Abstract: 

While the traditional complications of diabetes mellitus—such as cardiovascular disease—are well recognized, advances in treatment and increased life expectancy have revealed a new set of lesser-known complications that are becoming more prominent.

As mortality from vascular disease declines, conditions like cancer and dementia have emerged as leading causes of death among people with diabetes in several countries. In addition, growing evidence shows strong associations between diabetes and a range of comorbidities, including:

• Cognitive decline

• Functional disability

• Mental health disorders

• Obstructive sleep apnoea

• Liver disease

• Increased risk of infections

Despite this growing body of evidence, no comprehensive review has yet synthesized these findings. This review brings together results from systematic reviews and major cohort studies to explore these emerging complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It aims to:

• Identify and quantify associations

• Highlight evidence gaps

• Offer insights for future diabetes management

Understanding these complications is essential for developing more effective, holistic strategies to support people living with diabetes and reduce their long-term health risks.